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After the death of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in 2013, his successor and vice president, Nicolás Maduro, faced a perfect storm of multiple crises. The legitimacy of Maduro as the new leader was challenged, as the economy was on the brink of collapse, leading to increased poverty, social unrest, and insecurity. Lacking popular charisma and support within the chavista political movement and the Venezuelan army, Maduro responded by converging the Venezuelan state with armed groups and organized crime, resulting in the emergence of a hybrid criminal state. Today, corrupt state actors and criminal groups collaborate, blurring the line between governance and criminality. Full article -> InsightCrime
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